Soft tissue sarcomas are a group of rare cancers that originate in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles, fat, nerves, and blood vessels.
1. Epidemiology:
Soft tissue sarcomas account for about 1% of all adult cancers. The disease is more prevalent among older and middle-age adults but can also happen at any age. The exact cause is often unknown, but some genetic conditions and prior radiation exposure may increase the risk.
2. Risk Factors:
While most soft tissue sarcomas develop without a known cause, certain factors can increase the risk, including inherited conditions like neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and retinoblastoma. Previous radiation therapy for other cancers can also raise the risk.
3. Signs & Symptoms:
The symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. Common signs may include a painless lump or swelling, often deep in the body, which may grow larger over time. Depending on the area affected, there may be associated pain, tenderness, or limited mobility.
4. Diagnostic Workup:
To diagnose soft tissue sarcoma, a doctor will perform a physical examination and order imaging tests like X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to visualize the tumor. A biopsy, where a small piece of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope, is essential to confirm the diagnosis.
5. Staging:
Staging determines the extent and spread of the cancer. It involves imaging scans, sometimes including a PET scan, to evaluate the tumor's size, involvement of nearby structures, and potential spread to lymph nodes or distant organs. Staging helps guide treatment decisions.
6. Treatment:
Treatment for soft tissue sarcoma typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and sometimes chemotherapy. The primary approach is surgical removal of the tumor whenever possible, often followed by radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery in certain cases.
7. Prognosis:
The prognosis varies depending on various factors such as the tumor size, location, grade, and stage. Early detection and complete surgical removal offer the best chances for a cure. However, some sarcomas may recur or spread to other parts of the body. Regular follow-up and surveillance are important to monitor for any signs of recurrence.
